This session emphasised the urgent need to “train, sustain and retain” the health workforce, recognising the large and widening gap between the supply of, and demand for, healthcare workers. Accurate health workforce data is key to this pursuit. Speakers encouraged “reciprocity” in training and recruitment practices, particularly between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. “Disruptive” interventions will be necessary to address workforce maldistribution; ensure community engagement and localisation; and leverage digital technology for training and workforce development.